Monday, November 28, 2011

The University as Corporation


If you took a stroll through the small Catholic college where I have been working for the past 16 years, you probably wouldn’t guess that what is going on here is indicative of a very disturbing trend in higher education—the relentless corporatization of American education. As you walked through our campus, you’d probably think to yourself that surely Catholic colleges like this at least must be immune to the pressures that other colleges face to compete as business entities, pursuing the ever dwindling numbers of students who can afford to pay their bloated tuitions.

But you’d be wrong.

My college, like most other colleges in the United States, has bought into the mistaken notion that the students at our institution are customers whose whims must be catered to at every turn and that the faculty are troublesome laborers who really don’t know what’s best for the students (but who are arrogant enough to presume that they do). The trend towards corporatization has been going on for some time now in our country, but never has it been so intense as it is right now. The economic crisis that has hit the world, and is beginning to impact higher education, has provided college administrators with all the justification they need to run their institutions according to business models that ultimately will do little more than make college education in this country even less effective than it already is.

This corporate approach to higher education plays out in practical terms in the daily life of the academy in a number of key ways:

1) Since the academy needs to ensure ever increasing enrollment numbers, it promotes only those programs that are marketable. Unfortunately, programs like philosophy, art, theology, sociology, history, and most other liberal arts disciplines don’t fit the idea of what a marketable discipline is and so basically these programs are left to die like unwanted step-children. They are drained of funds, marginalized in the academy, and generally treated as burdens, rather than as assets.

Just to give you some idea of just how unimportant the liberal arts are considered these days, a colleague told me recently that at his institution (No names, please…Let’s just say that it’s a very tidy Catholic College in Rockville Centre) the Director of the Library made a decision to cull the philosophy section of books that she deemed uninteresting or irrelevant to make room for more important materials. She didn’t consult the members of that department or ask for their input in any way. She just had one of her employees—a staff member who knows absolutely nothing about the discipline—chuck any boring old philosophy books that he thought should go. Since he apparently thought that all philosophy books were boring, he gleefully tossed boxes of books in the most capricious manner possible (For some reason, he seemed to have it in for poor Emmanuel Kant). On the positive side, at least there was more room for more “relevant” materials for students.

2) Since the students are the customers, their interests—however ill-defined these might be—drive the curriculum. In the old days, when getting a college degree actually meant something, faculty determined what general education courses were necessary in order to produce graduates who could read and write at fairly high levels and who had some degree of cultural literacy and critical thinking abilities. In practice, this meant that students at most reputable colleges and universities in the United States were required to take healthy doses of literature, art, philosophy, history, and the like. And the result was that we produced the “greatest generation” of Americans—those men and women who went to college in the 1940s-1960s and who made the United States the economic envy of the entire world.

Today general education requirements are determined by college administrators, many of whom know very little about real pedagogy, because they are so far removed from the classroom, and who are motivated solely by what will get students to attend their institution. Since most students want to (1) graduate as quickly as possible, (2) take courses only in their major area of interest, and (3) have little use for—or at least think they have little use for—classes in the humanities, there is pressure placed upon administrators to prune their general education requirements down as far as possible to try to attract these students.

Even when they are allowed to exist, humanities programs often become service programs for more “marketable” professional programs. So instead of taking a class in Shakespeare or Chaucer, students take more “practical” liberal arts classes like “Writing for Business” or “The Literature of Healing” or “Children’s Literature for the Teaching Profession.” In effect, what this means is that American college students are no longer receiving liberal arts educations at all; rather, they are receiving the shallowest kind of vocational training imaginable. And this kind of training—despite what college students themselves might believe—won’t serve graduates well when they get out into the real world and discover that they are really not all that marketable in their chosen field and ill-prepared to do anything else.

3) Since faculty are basically treated as laborers, they must be controlled by management and prevented as much as possible from “corrupting” the rest of the academy with their foolishly naïve ideas about education. Faculty are therefore left out of discussions about the mission and direction of their intuitions, and are paid lip-service when it comes to curriculum issues. What administrators do—and I’ve seen this at work in far too many institutions—is magnanimously ask faculty for their input on vital matters, and then proceed to do exactly what they planned to do anyway. “Well, we did consult with the faculty,” these paragons of democracy will often reply when confronted by angry faculty. “What more could they possibly want from us?”

College and university administrators are also trying to kill off tenure—an important, but misunderstood tool in maintaining the integrity of higher education. I’m sad to say it, but my own college seems determined to lead the rest of Long Island’s colleges in attempting to institute post-tenure review policies that ultimately will destroy real academic freedom. You may not realize this, but tenured faculty members are usually the only employees at a college who can argue with senior administrators about the direction the institution is taking. If tenured faculty, however, have to worry about being put on an administrative hit list—and, believe it or not, these do exist at many colleges and universities—then there will be no one left who will have the courage to argue with senior administrators about policies that might ultimately harm students or diminish the quality of classroom instruction.

So what’s the solution to this problem, you might be wondering? If this really is the inevitable trend in higher education in the United States, what hope do any of us have to save our colleges and universities?

Occupy Wall Street presents one model, and, in fact, college-aged students are playing a leading roll in this movement. You see, what Occupy Wall Street shows us is that corporate institutions really only respond to conflict and tension. You can make all the speeches you want and write all the newspaper editorials your heart desires, but this will not make a corporation change its practices one iota. It’s only when the bottom line of a corporate entity is threatened—or when it receives such bad press that its bottom line might be threatened—that corporations like Exxon or Walmart eventually are forced to do the right thing. The same is true with colleges and universities. The corporate mentality that drives these institutions will only begin to change when the real stakeholders at these institutions—and this basically means students and faculty—apply so much pressure that the administrative bureaucrats who run them are forced to change course.

This natural alliance between students and faculty to reclaim higher education won’t happen any time soon, but it will inevitably happen. Students are becoming more and more disgruntled by the high costs of higher education (see my previous post on this subject) and their inability to find decent-paying work after graduation. At the same time, many college instructors are becoming increasingly embittered by how marginalized they’ve become in recent years in participating in decision-making and shared-governance at their institutions. Eventually, students and faculty will come to see that they need each other to achieve their mutual goals and will be forced to work together in ways that we haven’t seen since the late 1960s.

When this happens, the direction of higher education in this country will change, and change, I believe, for the better. Until then, the corporate model of higher education will prevail throughout the United States, and generations of college graduates will be forced to pay the price for our negligence.

32 comments:

  1. First mistake: Getting a degree in Philosophy. Nobody cares about the pursuit of wisdom these days.

    Second mistake: Working at a place like Molloy. You'd definitely be better off working at Walmart. Seriously, man. The workers there probably appreciate the liberal arts more than your administrators do.

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  2. Colleges with inadequate facilities don't attract great students or great faculty. Well managed colleges augment facilities to serve and attract students and faculty.

    Well managed colleges insure that salary levels are commensurate with competitors.

    Well managed colleges operate in fiscally prudents manners to allow the primary mission - education - to occur at a high level.

    I know of such a college on Long Island. Some years ago, when this college did not attend to these mundance, "administrative - corporate" issues, this institution was on the brink of collapse. It would have been exceedingly difficult to teach Kant, Marx, Plato or Shakespeare on a former campus that had been turned into McMansions.

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  3. Bureaucrats always think that everything can be boiled down to money issues. What they fail to realize is that an organization prospers when all of its members--including lowly faculty and students--have the opportunity to fully participate in the decision-making process.

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  4. Prof. Russo's observations are sobering and dispiriting, and I hope serve as a wake-up call to administrators at Molloy College and similar institutions.

    From Prof. Russo's description, the situation at Molloy seems to be yet another example of how short-term thinking and lack of a sense of civic obligation are increasingly serious issues in our time, both on campus and in society at large. As a business owner and an adjunct communications instructor at the University of New Hampshire, I share his concerns.

    In education, the trend of "corporatization" as described by Prof. Russo is producing legions of graduates with little sense of what it means to be truly human or the value of knowledge itself. Many who hold a diploma have no sense of wonder about mankind's past, and only the mildest curiosity about the challenges and opportunities of the present. This is, in large part, a result of the marginalization of liberal arts programs at campuses across the nation.

    When weighing the value of a traditional liberal arts education, consider the example of Steve Jobs. As detailed in the new biography by Walter Isaacson, Jobs made a conscious decision quite early in his career to position himself at what he thought of as "the intersection of technology and the humanities." Why? Because he sensed that's where the real opportunity was in terms of innovation and change and the creation of wealth. Jobs augmented his business instincts with immersion in Buddhism, which led him to emphasize the value of intuition over the collection of data. And he went on to create what became the world's most valuable company—alas, shortly before his untimely death this past October.

    Creative thinking is (and always has been) the engine that drives economic and social progress. If colleges fail to place appropriate value on what are traditionally known as the "liberal arts," then we're cheating the next generation out of the chance to prosper through their own innovation and creative thinking.

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  5. The first objection that must be made is to the fact that students are just $ signs. The sole purpose of a business is to make money no matter what business it is going from education to the automotive industry. I do however agree it can be taken out of context in certian aspects, as in business all parts of a business are equally important as long as they are producing and making money. If one end of a business is begining to loose money or put into an education perspective FAIL then why should it be kept? We all have personal intrests in what we like to but does that make us money to pay the over paid salaries of certian professors. As a current student of the Molloy college divsion of business and a hopefull owner one day of a succesfull business I feel it is imperitive that all parts of Molloy work together as a union and if there is and issue it should be brought to the board of trustees to be addressed. It may be time to put some programs that are no longer of interest to rest.

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  6. That's what happens when you put mindless bureaucrats in charge of an educational system. The good of the students doesn't matter - only how many students they can con into paying full tuition. You are right that what's going on at Molloy College is probably happening everywhere. It's just that at other institutions librarians at least pretend to care about books and administrators do a better job of faking that they give a damn about faculty opinions.

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  7. Einstein said:
    "Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds."
    Reportedly, he also had five suits the same color and style, because he "did not want to waste energy worrying about what to wear every day."
    It seems to me that Dr. Russo is a great spirit.
    Some of Dr. Russo's administrative adversaries might be shopping for clothing at this very moment, while they think mediocre thoughts, at best.

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  8. Great conversation. It boggles my mind that any decent college would even consider throwing out crates of philosophy books - or any great works for that matter. I guess that's the reason why Molloy College will always be a second rate institution. Today Kant, tomorrow Shakespeare and Einstein. Soon, all you'll have left in your collection is nursing and business texts.

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  9. completely agree with your post, most students are starting to realize this and are standing up - the fact of the matter is it is STUPID to think that universities are not BUSINESSES, of course they are! didn't you hear about NYU losing money in the 2008 mortgage crisis, they're idiots!

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGL8FEMc378

    http://occupystudentdebtcampaign.com/our-principles/

    please sign the pledge, it's heart breaking that students in the US are actually resorting to suicide over student debt

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  10. Dear Prof. Russo, I reached your website via the Occupy forum. First of all, thank you for your eloquent post - as another respondent stated "it's spot on" As a current PhD student and instructor at an elite university and I see (and worry) about what's already a reality: a thoroughly commodified form of education. I've heard my students calculate and complain about how much each hour of a session of course costs them... I hate such aberrant tuition rates makes them feel like (dis)empowered consumers. And I hate that my stipend, (and in the near future, my salary) comes from the burden of student debt. Thanks for giving voice to concerns that many of us share regarding yes, "the relentless corporatization of American education" Another world, another way of doing things, is possible.

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  11. Is it possible that the reason these books were purged from the shelves, is that most if not many of these books are in the public domain and can be found online?

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  12. To respond to the issues raised by the two previous commentators: Many of the texts that were discarded were wonderful secondary sources in hardcover that illuminated the thought of great philosophers. Almost none of these works are in the public domain. Most of the primary sources that were removed were new translations of great texts that are much more readable than the older editions in the public domain.

    As for the PhD student who wrote, all I can say is that I sympathize tremendously with both you and your students. All that money spent on getting an education and there may not be any decent paying jobs out there for students once they graduate. Higher education is, indeed, becoming commodified, but it may very well be a commodity that costs much more than it's worth (the verdict is still out on this).

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  13. Well that was a real eyeopener as for what goes on behind the scenes. It is very distubing and I am sure very frustrating for the students and even more so for the teachers. Years ago when you were educated to be a well rounded individual are gone because everyone wants what they don't have yesterday! People don't realize that time is precious, you need to sit back and enjoy the view, take in the info!
    And the purging of books was just wrong, what the F?

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  14. It was interesting to hear what goes on behind closed doors with administration and faculty. I agree that students are not getting a well rounded education. I do believe some of the liberal art courses that are mandated are less important then some other liberal arts courses. Just because I am a nursing student does not mean that I do not need to know about government, politics, business. Yet those classes are not mandated so why would I spend more money and time to take them? Unfortunately, today college education has become ridiculously expensive. Unless you come from a wealthy family who can pay for your education, you are either not attending college or your taking out your whole college education in loans. I myself am paying for my college education without family assistance due to the economy. Therefore in my eyes, as sad as it is, I really do not have the money to be taking classes that are not going towards my degree or my speciality. If we were living in a different world were either my college was being payed for by someone else or if college was cheaper I would love to take all different classes to really enlighten myself. Unfortunately for 25,000 a year I am trying to get done with college as fast as I can since my loan bills will already be astronomical. It is sad fact that education is so expensive and trust me if it was cheaper I would not mind taking all different genres of classes, but until that time it looks like a lot of students just want to be able to get in, do what they need to do and get out in order to obtain their degree. I do feel bad for faculty though that you really do not have any say in your curriculum and how you want to teach. Hopefully one day this will all change.

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  15. I agree with most of what you say here, and do feel that college education is run like a corporation. In most cases, people are taking out loans and spending money they dont really have on their education. So of course they dont want to waste their time taking a course that is irrelevant to their degree. While there are some requirements for liberal arts, most are taken with little interest and nobody truly invests time into these classes. Maybe if every semester wasnt just piling up as money that we need to pay back once wee get a career, we wouldnt be so focused on the finish line, and would take time to enjoy these classes. But with the idea of debt, all we care about is obtaining our degree. I dont completely agree however, that we are viewed as the customers and administration is making the arts less important to please us. I still feel that although we are paying for this education, we dont have much of a say or a choice as to what we have to take. For example, we all want to graduate as quickly as possible, but our school makes that pratically impossible. They make sure we have to spend more time here, therefore spending more money, and it doesnt give us any control. We are paying to be here, but have no say in what goes on.

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  16. A university/college is just like any other field, its a business. Everyone's in it for the money these days. I think you make a great point about students not receiving a well-rounded education and them only wanting to take classes that pertain to their major (I'm guilty of this one-I decided to take Medical Ethics for the ethics requirement). It is also unfortunate that majors such as art, theology and philosophy just to name a few. However, such majors typically require further education to ultimately to have a career (research, teaching etc.) And with the cost of college today, students are tending to lean towards majors that allow them to get a job more easily upon graduation.

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  17. There are many courses that students think are not necessary and the college puts as an obligation to make more money for the school. Students are only interested in going to school for their major and many do not want to take classes that they do no need relating to their major. College is expensive and not many people can afford it which is why people want to graduate so quickly. Many people complain but nothing is done because of fear their grades being in jeopardy. Every year tuition goes which is not fair. Being a student I will graduate with a large debt that will take me years to pay back. As per the librarian situation being a librarian all books should be important to them because they contain some kind of knowledge that could help anyone that is interested in them and should not be thrown out.

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  18. It is so true,the university is like a corporation.It's only cares about the profit, the interest.Sometimes they want you to sign up for unnecessary classes which is not fair, loan is not cheap;specially at Molly's.Some of the professors have no heart even you work hard, come to school,do your homeworks and try to participed in class, they still do not want to give you the grade that you deserve. The university does not care,they just want you to pay more money.What's going on behinde close door it's amazing.

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  19. I agree here with what some of my classmates are saying. College now days is so expensive that most people truly want to just take their major courses and graduate. I agree with what someone previously said, it is almost impossible to graduate in 4 years anymore because college is like a business and just when it comes time to graduate most people are always missing that one extra class. And then they have to stay for another semester and pay more money they don't have. But, the college makes money. It's unfortunate that most people don't have the time to enjoy the liberal arts classes because they are just as important as some of the major courses for life, in general. But I will be honest in saying that all I want to do is take the classes required, and graduate as soon as possible so I can get a job and make money; and let's not forget to pay back those loans...

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  20. It's all about the money. I decided to attend this small institution, on the basis that I thought I'd be recognized as an individual, and not just a number. I am starting to realize though that I am somewhat of a number; a $. If I do not comply with the strict stipulations my dean puts forth, they can replace me with another $. Stepping into the administration's office here at my school recently, I felt like I was on the television show "NEXT". The un-named administrator was so uncooperative with the concerns I brought forth to her. I completely agree with you that those higher than you do not seem to want to cooperate unless you are kicking and screaming. I feel as though I am looked at as easily replaceable, simply because I am only a dollar sign to them. It saddens me that I do not feel as though as I am an asset to the school. College administrators are becoming tyrants.

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  21. I think that since its costs so much money to go to this school many students, like myself, do not want to waste my money on taking an art or music class since it does not have anything to go with my major. But with that said it is almost impossible to graduate in four years. And even if you did want to take a summer course to try and speed things up it costs about $750 a credit. Unfourtante as it is some people just simply can not afford to go to college.

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  22. Unfortunately, the more I learn, the more I realize that everything is a business these days, both college and even sadly enough to say the hospitals that I work in as well. I agree, it is hard to imagine how i can ever get ahead when I will be coming out of school with just about 100 grand in debt. An interesting fact I never considered was your thought on tenure. Unfortunately, although so teachers may being doing the right thing and still hold themselves to high standards, it is those teachers that abuse the privilege that are ruining it for everyone. Personally, from a student perspective I have seen first hand the teachers that teach for paychecks, and don't consider that it could be something they are doing wrong and not the the students are not studying when the majority of the lass does not do well. I think that a reevaluation process of teachers is necessary to keep the order and challenge the teachers to withhold their promise to the students and standards of their education, however I do understand the scare of a unchallenged board, which in my opinion is pretty much how it runs regardless.

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  23. I definitely understand your view that colleges are now becoming corporations and looking for what is the best way to make money. They are advertising for other majors like business and nursing and not spending as much for other liberal arts majors. It is depressing that even though our college is advertized as a college that has small sized classes with more individualized attention, it is the opposite where you are not as important to them, and can be easily replaced. I unquestionably see this in my major, where it is difficult for students to state their concerns and issues, but ultimately it is the administrators’ decisions that overrule. It is discouraging that even faculty are not getting their voices heard. If students and faculty aren’t getting their points across, then it is basically the corrupt college administrators that run our public education system.

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  24. What really sticks out to me in this article is that the liberal arts subject are "unwanted and left to die like unwanted step children." Haha I think that is pretty intense but I understand what you are saying. It is amazing how greedy the world has become. It is almost, I guess you can say, understandable for businesses to try and make as much money as they can, even though it is very foul. But to see this corporization moving into the education practices is very unfortunate. I agree that nothing will change until the school, like companies such as walmart, feel threatened. It could be very interesting to see faculty and students working together. Ive never seen it before. I'm down to start the revolution !!!

    Chris L

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  25. My opinion about liberal classes may be a little biased being that it is taking me 5 years to graduate from a bachelors program which I always felt has too many gen ed requirments. But now that i am sitting in a 4 hour lecture class about the economy and politics I realized I actually DONT know anything! As Im learning the things that are happening in todays society and even at the school Ive attended since I graduated high school it makes my blood boil.. Maybe keeping students and society informed and not in the dark will force these corporations AKA Colleges/Universities to act as such and not businesses who could care less about where and how they are getting thier money

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  26. i would have to completely agree with your post. I do believe that not only is this occurring but i do believe that more and more students are beginning to realize it. I was a transfer student and my first semester i thrown into a completely new program which i new nothing about, not even my graduation date. when i went to go talk to the women in charge of the department to get guidance her secretary laughed at me, pretty much deeming my concerns not important. i am a 21 yr old student trying to better myself paying for my own education (12,000 per semester) my concerns are important! schools need to stop focusing on money making and operating like a business and do what they are intended for...provide a higher education.
    Joanna Burns

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  27. It is not right that colleges are cutting out humanity courses. I think it is disgusting that they want to be more like a corporation. A student should want to go for higher education to not only help them with getting a career but also to give them a better understanding and appreciation of things. Being a history major at Molloy I get a lot of questions and raised I eyebrows from my peers when they ask me you mean education and I say nope just history. They don't get it that there are a lot of thins you can do with humanities degree. For instance personally I can take my degree and work in a museum or go for even higher education and become an paleontologist if I wanted to. Just because I did not choose the path of nursing or education does not make my major any less important. Rather I see it as unique and more likely to find a job then my peers because its a flexible field of study. Also I find it ridiculous that someone would throw out books because they find them boring. They need to re-evalute how they run the library if that is the case. Personally I believe if any books should be discarded should be books that misprinted or our dated if its a medical book. Leave the other books alone, maybe expand the library for those of us who enjoy learning new things.

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  28. I honestly do agree with you in that colleges are being ran like a corporation and that is very sad to see. All these people are charge who run the college don't care too much about the students and view things from our perspectives, they are just worried about making their money that's all. Meanwhile we are paying all these large amounts of money to just make a living like them. And as for the professors it is pretty sad that they cannot stand up for us the students because they probably feel there job will be threatened which mostly likely it will be. So therefore we are in a stand still, and if us the students along with the teachers dont start to stand up for what is right there will be no change.

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  29. I support Dr. Russo with every word he is saying. In my opinion, the fact that colleges do run as a corporation show that they do not care about students' education as is only caring about one thing in the end .... $$$ !! r recently had to go through this with an ex advisor of mine. Long story short, she was not looking out for me and not doing her "job" what so ever. In this college we reside in, you find faculty members who aren't afraid to voice their opinion and those who want to follow the corporation due to the fact that they do not want to loose their paycheck. Following the "rules" of the corporation however comes with a hard facing price and not just only the ones working under them have to suffer the consequences but those around them as well. My ex advisor of mine was not looking out for my education, nor financial issues dealing with my education so therefore i found another advisor who was not afraid to have a "voice". I just can't wait until i have to leave this school so i would not have to face any more of these issues but the society we live in is truly unfair and nothing we do can change is because it is the rich that control EVERYTHING and have all the power. Money truly is power and nothing will ever change that.

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  30. I honestly am guilty of taking the easier general requirements because my major's requirements are more demanding. I wish I could take the classes I want to take and when I can so I wouldn't have to stay in college for longer than I have to. This is when I see our college as a business. It is unfair to have a strict regime for a program when a student can get ahead if the courses were offered in the summer or winter. I do believe the school being open to their students and faculty about changes that will effect them like the philosophy section of the library or raising tuition to cover the new building. This drives students to rush through school instead of investing in a well rounded education.

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  31. When it comes down to it its all about how much money the school is able to make. They treat the student as though their an atm and they can get money when ever they demand it. Between all the unnecessary classes we are required to take and all those expensive fees that are put into our bill its become a great frustration to go to school. Many of us may not even live to see the day our college tuition is paid off. These college days for us will determine what our future will bring and it seems it will bring us a lot of debt.
    Megan B.

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  32. Dear Michael

    Well, this certainly rings a few bells - bells I've heard ringing before, in many places, including down here in New Zealand. Below are a few links to stories I have read recently. As they say, "Follow the money" and much becomes clear. For example, Sebastian Thrun's initiative (http://www.udacity.com/) is not about public service or access to education, it is about providing corporations in the high tech sector with access to the best and brightest prospective employees - for a price. Yes, the vandals are at the gate, and many have already entered the institution. Let's hope that our sense of community, our values, and our connections to others who share our values, will hold, even if the gates do not.

    Thanks for the well argued and well written post, which I will recommend to others.

    Mark McGuire
    http://markmcguire.net/

    Radio New Zealand, Sunday March 25, 2012 Audio MP3: (19′56″)
    (http://goo.gl/d0R2m)
    8:40 David Robinson – Research for Sale
    David Robinson is a Senior Consultant to Education International (the global federation of teachers’ unions). He recently visited New Zealand to give lectures on the theme ‘Vandals at the Gate - the privatisation of education in New Zealand and around the world’, and talks to Chris about how the commercialisation of tertiary education is changing the nature of universities.
David Robinson’s visit to NZ was organised by the Tertiary Education Union.

    "Stanford Education Experiment could change higher Learning Forever"
    (http://goo.gl/fmqxr)

    "Boom Time for Education Start-ups"
    (http://goo.gl/y3mtl)

    "Could Many Universities Follow Borders Bookstore Into Oblivion?"
    (http://goo.gl/fS10h)

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